Harvard Referencing Style

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[Harvard (General)]

Harvard is one of several styles for academic writing. This guide provides basic

guideline and examples for citing sources using the Harvard Style. General guidelines

for in-text citations are included on the last page of this guide.

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IN-TEXT CITATIONS

• HARVARD uses the ‘author-date’ style of referencing.

• In-text references (generally) appear in the following format: (Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, Page Number (if required)).

Example: (Austen, 1813, p. 64).

Example: As written by Austen (1813, p.64) …

• If you are quoting directly using ideas from a specific page or pages of a work, you must include the page number(s) in your citations. Insert the abbreviation

p. then the page number. For multiple pages, use theabbreviation ‘pp.’ and include the full page range, i.e. ’pp.64-67’

• Page number(s) are only required when directly quoting from a text, or when referring to an idea or specific section of a larger work (e.g. a formula in an

article, or a paragraph or chapter in a book).

Note: When referring to an entire work that covers a single topic, a page number is not required.

Note: For multiple pages, use the abbreviation ‘pp.’ and the abbreviation ‘p.’ for singular page.

Example:

Harris (2008, p. 56) argued that ‘nursing staff …’

In a recent study (Evans, 2010), qualifications of school-leavers were analyzed …

Citing one to three authors

• When citing publications by up to three authors or editors, all are listed:

Example:

Urry (2013, p.206) mentioned that …

… (Hirst and Harrison, 2007)

… (Okumus, Altinay and Chatoth, 2010)

Recent educational research (Lewis and Jones, 2009) has shown that …

In a newly published survey Hill, Smith and Reid (2010, p. 93) argue that …

It has been found that ‘newly qualified teachers are more likely to become involved in extracurricular activities than their

longer serving colleagues’ (Hill, Smith and Reid, 2010, p. 142).

Citing four and more authors

• Cite the first author name listed in the work, followed by et al. For publications by more that three authors or editors, cite

the first name listed in the work followed by et al. (in italic).

Example: Communication masking is a rising issue … (Erbe et al., 2016).

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(Andrews et al., 2008)

Citing multiple sources

• When referring to two or more publications at the same time, cite them chronologically (latest publication first). If more

than one work is published in the same year, list them alphabetically.

• The publications are separated by semicolons (;)

Example:

Pears and Shields (2010) and

… (Pears and Shields, 2010;

Recent environmental studies (Williams, 2009; Andrews et al., 2008; Martin and Richards, 2008; Town, 2009) considered …

Citing several sources

published in the same year,

by the same author(s)

• When citing two (or more) publications by an author (or authors) published in the same year, you can distinguish between

multiple items by allocating lower case letters in alphabetical order after the Year of Publication.

Example:

Miller (2006a, p. 18)

(Miller, 2006b, pp. 143-152)

In his study of the work of Rubens, Miller (2006a, p. 18) emphasized the painter’s mastery of drama in his larger

compositions. However, his final analysis on this subject (Miller, 2006b, pp. 143-152) argued that …

Citing different editions of the

same work, by the same

author(s)

• When referring to different editions of the same work by the same author(s), cite latest publication year first.

• Separate the Year of Publication with a semicolon (;).

Example: In both editions, Hawksworth (2007; 2002) stated that …

Citing secondary sources

• When citing a source you have not read yourself, but which is referred to in a source you have read (also known as

‘secondary referencing’), use the following method:

Example: Moore (as cited in Maxwell, 1999, p. 25) stated that…

Important: You would cite Maxwell, not Moore, in the Reference List

Note: It is always preferable to cite the original source

Group or corporate author

• In some cases, an organization is the author.

Example: Center for Chemical Process Safety (2007)

No author

• If no author can be identified, use Anonymous or Anon., together with the title of the work in italics and the date of

publication. Where the name of an author/editor cannot be identified, use the title

No date

• If the date of publication cannot be found, use the abbreviation n.d. to indicates ‘no date’. Where the date of a work

cannot be identified, use the phrase ‘no date’.

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REFERENCE LIST

• The Reference List should appear at the end of your work on a separate page.

• Only include references you have cited in your work.

• All references should have a hanging indent. That is, all lines of a reference subsequent to the first line should be indented (see examples according to the

table of contents below).

• In general, references should be listed alphabetically by the last name of the first author of each work.

• Special Reference List cases:

 In the case of works by different authors with the same family name, list references alphabetically by the authors’ initials.

 In the case of multiple works by the same author in different years, list references chronologically (latest publication first).

 In the case of multiple works by the same author in the same year, list references alphabetically by title in the Reference List.

• When referring to Books, Book Chapters, Article Titles or Webpages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, and proper nouns.

Example: Aboriginals and the mining industry: Case studies of the Australian experience

• When referring to Journal Titles, capitalize all major words (do not capitalize words such as ‘of’, ‘and’, & ‘the’ unless they are the first word in the title).

Example: Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

PAGES NO.

BOOKS

 1 – 3 Authors

 4 or more Authors

 e-books

 Book with editor(s)

 Book chapters

JOURNAL ARTICLES

 Print

 Electronic

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

 Printed

 Online newspapaer

DICTIONARY / ENCYCLOPEDIA

 Print

 Electronic

MAGAZINE ARTICLE

 Print

 Electronic

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE/ NEWSLETTER /EDITORIAL

 Print

 Electronic

THESES/DISSERTATION

 Unpublished

 Published

ABSTRACTS

 Print

 Electronic

IMAGES / PHOTOGRAPHS/POSTERS

 Images Online – No Author

 Images Online – No Author, title or Date

CONFERENCE PAPER

 Print

 Electronic

ANNUAL REPORTS

 Print

 Electronic

CONTENTS

PAGES NO.

WEB PAGES

 Author

 Organization

 No authors/titles/dates

 Blogs

 Wikis

 Social networking websites

WEBLOG / BLOGS

GRAPHS / TABLES

 Print

 Electronic

MAPS

MULTIMEDIA (DVD/CDs)

 Films

 DVD

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 CDs / Cassette / Podcast

 Video Recording

INTERVIEW

 Video Recording

 Radio Broadcast

 Television Broadcast

YOUTUBE / STREAMED VIDEO

SOCIAL NETWORKING (FACEBOOK / TWITTER)

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT

 Print

 Electronic

MANUSCRIPTS

 Unpublished

 Submitted for Publication

EMAIL MESSAGE/PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

TELEVISION PROGRAMMES

PATENTS / STANDARDS

A LECTURE NOTES / SPEECH

 Print

 Electronic

WORK OF ARTS (SCULPTURE / MODELS, ETC)

SECONDARY CITATION

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BOOKS

FORMAT

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

CITATION

GUIDELINE

Author’s Surname, Initials. OR Authoring body (Year) Title

of book (in italics). Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

For the book title, only

capitalize the first letter of

the first word and proper

nouns.

1 author

In reflection, you question the meanings of

… (Tribe, 2012).

Tribe, J. (2012) The economics of recreation, leisure and

tourism. 4th ed. London: Routledge.

Put in edition only for

second edition or later.

2 or 3

authors

“In order to meet the challenge of teaching

in the FE sector, it is essential …”

(Huddleston and Unwin, 2007, p. 85).

Huddleston, P. and Unwin, L. (2007) Teaching and learning

in further education: Diversity and change. 3rd edn.

Abingdon: Routledge.

Use ‘and’ between the

last two authors’ name

instead of the ampersand

(&) symbol.

4 or more

authors

This was proved by Young et al. (2000)

*Note: Use the first author’s surname

followed by ‘et al.’ (in italics)

Young, H.D., Freedman, R.A., Sandin, T. and Ford, A. (2000)

Sears and Zemansky’s university physics. 10th edn. San

Francisso: Addison-Wesley.

For reference list, list all

the authors’ name.

Editor

The concept of key thinkers … (Hubbard

and Kitchin, 2011).

Hubbard, P. and Kitchin, R. (eds.) Key thinkers on space and

place. London: SAGE Publication Ltd.

For edited books, use the

editor(s) name.

No author

The Percy Tomb has been described as …

(Treasures of Britain, 1990, p. 84).

Treasures of Britain and treasures of Ireland (1990) London:

Reader’s Digest Association Ltd.

MULTI-

VOLUME

WORKS

FORMAT

Author or Editor (Year) Title of book (Volumes). Place of

publication: Publisher.

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BOOK CHAPTER

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

PRINTED

Author of chapter/section (Year) ‘Title of chapter’, in Author/Editor of book

(ed./eds.) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Page.

ELECTRONIC

Author of chapter/section (Year) ‘Title of chapter’, in Author/Editor of book

(ed./eds.) Title of book [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: DD

Month YYYY).

CHAPTERS/

SECTIONS OF

EDITED BOOKS

Bergquist (1992, p.

65) offers

solutions to …

Bergquist, J.M. (1992) ‘Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative

guide to acculturation and ethnicity’, In Buenker, J.D. and Ratner, L.A.

(eds.) German Americans. New York, NY: Greenwood, pp. 53-76.

For multiple pages, use

the abbreviation ‘pp.’ and

the abbreviation ‘p.’ for

singular page.

ELECTRONIC BOOKS

FORMAT

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

CITATION

GUIDELINE

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year) Title of book (in italics). Name of e-book collection

(in italics). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: DD Month YYYY).

For the book title, only

capitalize the first letter of

the first word and proper

nouns.

… (Feretti, Gioia and

Giovanni, 2001)

Feretti, L., Gioia, I.M. and Giovanni, G. (2001) Merging processes in galaxy clusters.

Ebrary. [Online]. Available at:

http://site.ebrary.com.ezproxy.taylors.edu.my/lib/taylorscollege/home.action

?force=1 (Accessed: 17 May 2016).

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JOURNAL ARTICLE

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

PRINTED

Author’s Surname , Initials. (Year) ‘Title of article’, Name of Journal, Volume

number(Issue/Part number), page numbers.

ELECTRONIC

Author’s Surname , Initials. (Year) ‘Title of article’, Name of Journal, Volume

number(Issue/Part number), page numbers. Name of collection (in

italics) [Online] DOI: or Available at: URL (Accessed: DD Month YYYY).

Capitalize only the first

letter of the first word and

proper noun in title of

article.

For name of journal,

capitalize the first letter of

all major words.

PRINTED

(Coltheart et al.,

1993).

Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P. and Haller, M. (1993) ‘Models of reading

aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches’,

Psychological Review, 100(31), pp. 589-608.

ELECTRONIC

with DOI

According to Chia-

Chen (2010) …

Chia-Chen, Y. (2010) ‘Factors that influence international fans' intention to

travel to the United States for sport tourism’, Journal Of Sport &

Tourism, 15(2), pp. 111-137. [Online] DOI:

10.1080/14775085.2010.498249 (Accessed: 13 March 2016).

ELECTRONIC

without DOI

(Jian, 2014)

Jian, W. (2014) ‘On the development of sports tourism in China’, Journal Of

Chemical & Pharmaceutical Research, 6(6), 1918-1924. EBSCOhost

[Online] Available at:

http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=124

05488-39d6-492d-8562-12b979ec0c4b%40sessionmgr4003&hid=4111

(Accessed: 17 May 2016).

If no DOI is assigned to the

content and you retrieved it

online, included the article

page URL.

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DICTIONARY/ ENCYCLOPEDIA

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

PRINTED

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. In name of

reference source. (Vol. number, pp. page number). Place of

publication: Publisher.

ELECTRONIC

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. In Name of

Editor (Ed.), Name of reference source. Retrieved from URL address

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. In Name of

Editor (Ed.), Name of reference source. doi: number

Include information about

editions, volume

numbers and page

numbers in parenthesis

following the title in the

Reference

List.

According to Roginski,

Fuquay & Fox (2003,

p.210)…

PRINTED

Roginski,H., Fuquay J.W., & Fox, P. F. (2003). Roles and responsibility of the

manager. In The Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences. (Vol. 1, pp. 210-212).

London: Academic Press.

ELECTRONIC WITH DOI

E.B., & L.E. (2009). Dsylexia. In S. Wallace (Ed.), A Dictionary of

education. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Photonics. In The Columbia

Encyclopedia. (6th ed.). doi: 10.1036/0071458492

ELECTRONIC WITH URL (WITHOUT DOI)

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year of Publication). Title of article. In Name of

Editor (Ed.), Name of reference source. Retrieved from URL address

Lafleur, L. (2012). How to make Philadelphia vanilla ice cream. Encyclopedia of

Ice Creams. Retrieved from

http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzQ0O

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DgzOV9fQU41?sid=afaa1f59-b5b9-421a-bbad-

dded1bcdb749@sessionmgr4001&vid=6&format=EB&lpid=lp_44&rid=

MAGAZINE ARTICLE

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

PRINTED

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year, Month). Title of article. Name of Magazine,

volume number (Issue/Part number), page numbers.

ELECTRONIC

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year, Month). Title of article. Name of

Magazine, volume number (Issue/Part number). Retrieved from URL

address

If each issue of a journal

begins on page 1, include

the issue number in

parenthesis immediately

after the volume number in

the Reference List.

Khan (2014) provided

useful …

In the article … (Fox,

2013)

PRINTED

Khan, S.K. (2014). Organisation Citizenship Behaviour and Leadership.

Management, 49 (3), 57-58.

ELECTRONIC

Dennis, Fox. ( 2013, January). The principal’s mind-set for data. Leadership,

42(3),12-36. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/

detail?vid=2&sid=3a66c7f0-3039-408a-8cdc-380426f53c95%

40sessionmgr4001&hid=4103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRz

LWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=87860

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NEWSPAPER ARTICLE / NEWSLETTER / EDITORIAL

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

PRINTED

Author (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper (Edition), DD Month, page

numbers.

ONLINE

Author (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, DD Month [Online].

Available at: URL (Accessed: DD Month YYYY).

PRINTED

NEWSPAPER

Sukumaran (2014)

provided …

Sukumaran, T. (2014) ‘The pain of invinsible illnesses: Lack of database and

experience adds pain to rare disease patients’, The Star, 12 December,

pp. 4.

ONLINE

NEWSPAPER

… (Carvalho, 2014).

Carvalho, M. (2014) ‘Agencies face ‘headache’ in weeding out 67,000 illegals

with dubious ICs’, The Star Online, 5 December [Online]. Available at:

http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/12/05/Wan-Junaidi-

It-will-be-a-major-task-Agencies-face-headache-in-weeding-out-

67000-illegals-with-dubiou/ (Accessed: 17 May 2016).

NO AUTHOR

The Star (2016) ‘Death penalty the way to get revenge’, 28 June [Online].

Avalaible at:

http://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2016/06/28/death-

penalty-the-way-to-get-revenge/ (Accessed: 28 June 2016).

When no author is given,

bring the newspaper title to

the front.

NEWSLETTER

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of the article. Title of

Newsletters.Retrieved from URL address

Y-Sing, L. and Cranfield, M. (2014) ‘Malaysia tells banks to prevent

speculation as ringgit declines’, MSN News. Available at:

http://www.msn.com/en-my/news/other/malaysia-tells-banks-to-

prevent-speculation-as-ringgit-declines/ar-BBgjxvA (Accessed:

Do a Web search to locate

the URL of the newspaper’s

home page & include it in

the Reference List.

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THESIS / DISSERTATION

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

UNPUBLISHED

… (Eaw, 2014).

FORMAT

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of thesis. Unpublished Master’s thesis or PhD thesis).

Name of Institution, Location.

EXAMPLE

Eaw, H.C. (2014). Antecedents of personal bankruptcy in Malaysia .Unpublished Master’s

thesis. Taylor’s University, Malaysia.

THESE

AVAILABLE

ON THE

INTERNET

In her thesis, Noel

(2013) mentioned …

FORMAT

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of thesis. Master’s thesis or PhD thesis. Name of

Institution, Location [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: DD Month YYYY).

EXAMPLE

Noel, M. (2013). Biocumulative contaminants in marine mammals: Uptake and effects. PhD

thesis. University of Victoria, Canada [Online]. Available at:

http://search.proquest.com/docview/1520453814/abstract/F16D483DFFA747D1PQ/

4?accountid=130517 (Accessed: 20 June 2016).

ABSTRACTS

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IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

PRINTED

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of article. [Abstract]. Name of Journal, Volume number,

page numbers.

ELECTRONIC

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of article. Name of Journal, Volume number, page

numbers. Abstract retrieved from URL address

… (Woolf, Young,

Fanselow &

Butcher, 1991)

PRINTED

Woolf, N. J., Young, S. L., Fanselow, M. S., & Butcher, L. L. (1991). MAP-2 expression in

cholinoceptive pyramidal cells of rodent cortex and hippocampus is altered by

Pavlovian conditioning. [Abstract]. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts, 17, 480.

ELECTRONIC

Alexandra, D.M., Alexandru, C., & Larisa, T. (2014). Dark tourism, Romania and dracula. The

perceptions of potential American tourists. Annals of the University of Oradea.

Economic Science Series, 23, 309-319. Abstract retrieved from

http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4824fa17-4472-4184-85a3-

c950531e2b9b%40sessionmgr115&vid=24&hid=103

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IMAGE/ PHOTOGRAPHS / POSTERS

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

IMAGE ONLINE - NO AUTHOR

Title of work [Type of work]. (Year image was created). Retrieved Date, Year

from http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/divers28/10.htm

Flu epidemic [Online image]. (1919).Retrieved November 6, 2010

from http://www.history.net/photo/flu-epidemic-art/collections

IMAGE ONLINE - NO AUTHOR, TITLE OR DATE

[Untitled photograph of giraffe]. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from

http://www.birminghamzoo.com/animals/

CONFERENCE PAPERS

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IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

PRINTED

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of conference paper or poster. Conference Name. (Page

number). Place of Publication: Publisher.

ELECTRONIC

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year, Month). Title of conference paper or poster. Paper presented

at the Conference Title, Place, State/Country. Retrieved from URL address

PRINTED

Smith, P. L. (1999). Motivation for exercise. In R. Morgan Ed.). Proceedings of the Conference

on Health and Fitness. (pp. 258-98). London, England:University College Press.

ELECTRONIC

Nebel, B. (2012, March). Overview and discussion of carbon footprinting standards and

guidelines. Paper presented at the 2nd New Zealand Life Cycle Assessment Conference,

Auckland. Retrieved from http://www.lcaconference.org.nz/proceedings

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REPORTS

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

PRINTED

Author/Organization (Year) Title of report. Place of Publication: Publisher.

ELECTRONIC

Author/Organization (Year) Title of report [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed: DD Month

YYYY)

RESEARCH

REPORTS

Sharp, C. and National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) (2015) Key data on music

education hubs 2014 [Online]. Available at: http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED558719

(Accessed: 20 June 2016).

COMPANY

ANNUAL

REPORTS

Bank Negara Malaysia (2013) Bank Negara Malaysia Annual Report 2013 [Online]. Available

at: http://www.bnm.gov.my/files/publication/ar/en/2013/ar2013_book.pdf (Accessed:

28 April 2016).

MARKET

RESEARCH

REPORTS

Business Monitor International (2014) Malaysia tourism report Q4 2014: Includes 5-year

forecast to 2018. London: Business Monitor International.

FINANCIAL

REPORTS

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WEBSITE

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

With Author

Author or Source. (Year of Publication). Title of web document or web page. Retrieved from

http://www.fullURL.com

Website with no author

Title of web document or web page. Retrieved from URL address

Website with no date

Author or Source. (n.d). Title of web document or web page. Retrieved from URL address

(Economic

Planning Unit,

2013)

(Malaysia

International

Investment

Position, 2013)

WITH AUTHOR

MacRae, M. (2014). Dx Marks the spot in cancer research. Retrieved

from https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/bioengineering/dx-marks-

spot-cancer-research

WITH SOURCE

Economic Planning Unit. (2013). The Malaysia Economy in figures 2013. Retrieved from

http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/1e9cd2e5-67a8-4b6c-b530-b1448a6a1475

WEBSITE WITH NO AUTHOR

Malaysia International Investment Position. (2013). Retrieved from

http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_External/files/IIPPost/IIPPost2013.pdf

WEBSITE WITH NO DATE

Lee, J. (n.d.). Kinship and family ties. Retrieved from

http://www.postcolonialweb.org/nz/maorijlg2b.html

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WEBLOG/BLOGS

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Date of publication). Document title: Subtitle of entry. [Web log

message]. Retrieved from URL address

List the author’s

name assit is used

in the posting.

… as Stuart

indicated in his

blog (2013, March

1).

Stuart, R. (2013, March 1). Essential of human resource training

and development [Web log message]. Retrieved from

http://www.hrps.org/blogpost/736528/HR-Management-

Strategies.

… (New child

vaccine gets

funding boost,

2001).

WITHOUT AUTHOR

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved April

16 2012 from

http://news.ninemsn.com.au/helth/story_13178.asp

When there is no

author for a source

you find on the web

(Web document or

Web page), the title

moves to the first

position of the

reference entry

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GRAPHS / TABLES

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

PRINT- BOOK/TEXT

Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2004). Internal processes deliver value over different time

horizons [Graph]. In Strategy maps: Converting intangible assets into tangible outcomes

(p. 48). Boston,MA: Harvard Business School.

PRINT - JOURNAL

Chia-Chen, Y. (2010). Factors that Influence International Fans' Intention to Travel to the

United States for Sport Tourism. Journal Of Sport & Tourism, 15(2),111-137. doi:

10.1080/14775085.2010.498249

ELECTRONIC

Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2013). Findings of the Household Income Survey 2012.

Retrieved from

http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/images/stories/files/LatestReleases/household/HI

S_2012_Eng.pdf

Cite each of these

as you would for a

book or

print/electronic

journal .Include, in

square brackets,

the type of entry

immediately after

the title:

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MAPS

IN-TEXT CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

The model of

human needs

(from Adair, 2006,

p. 28).

FROM BOOK/AN ATLAS

Adair, J. (2006). Leadership and motivation: The fifty-fifty rule and the eight key principles of

motivating other. London, England: Kogan Page.

FROM JOURNAL

Escobar, A. (1999). Insight 2 April 1997: Are all food pyramds created equal?. Family

Economics and Nutrition Review, 12(30),75-77. Retrieved from ProQuest database.

ELECTRONIC

Healthline Network Inc. (2014). Human body. Retrieved from

http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps

Cite each of these

as you would for a

book. Include , In

square brackets,

the type of entry

immediately after

the titles:

[Figure].

[Table].

[Map].

[Graph].

[Chart].

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MULTIMEDIA (DVD/CDs)

FORMAT

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

Producer Surname, A.A. (Producer), & Director Surname, B.B (Director). (Year). Title of motion

picture [Format e.g. DVD]. Country of Origin: Studio.

FILMS

Gary, K. (Producer), & George, L. (Director). (2006). Star wars. Episode IV, A new hope [Films].

Beverly Hills, CA: Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment.

DVD

Colson, C. (Producer), & Boyle, D. (Director). (2008). Slumdog millionaire [DVD]. Beverly Hills,

USA: 20

Century Fox Home Entertainment.

CDs/CASSETTE/PODCAST

Nolan, A. (Presenter). (2007). AM: news &current affairs [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from

http://abc.,net.au/nws/subscribe/amrss.sm1

VIDEO RECORDING

Alexander, B. (Producer). (2006). The Gambia West Africa : the smiling coast [Video

Recording]. South Africa : Alexander Publications.

In the author

position, use the

name of the film’s

producer and / or

director and the

year of its release.

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INTERVIEW

FORMAT

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

Producer Surname, A.A. (Producer). (Year). Title of interview [Format]. Country of Origin:

Studio.

VIDEO RECORDING

Moloney, C. (2013). Interview by Andrea McCannon [Video Recording]. Developing a website.

Bendigo, Vic: VEA.

RADIO BROADCAST

Mitchell, N. (Presenter). (2009, October 16). Interview with the Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. In

Mornings with Neil Mitchell [Radio broadcast]. Melbourne, Australia: Radio 3AW.

TELEVISION BROADCAST

Denton A. (Producer and Interviewer). (2006, September 25). Interview with Raelene Boyle. In

Enough Rope with AndrewDenton. [Television broadcast]. Sydney, Australia:Australian

Broadcasting

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YOUTUBE AND STREAMED VIDEO

FORMAT

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

Crawford (1995)

in his film

mentioned that …

Baker (2007)

found that …

Author’s Surname, A.A or Source. (Year, Month Day of video post). Title of video [Video file].

Retrieved from URL

STREAMED VIDEO

Crawford, B. (Producer/Director). (1995) Interpersonal process recall: The recall process-

individual recall(#IPR-D-1) [Video file]. Retrieved from http://0-

ctiv.alexanderstreet.com.innopac.douglas.bc.ca/View/537785

YOUTUBE

EduWorldGroup. (2010 November 12). Taylor’sUniversity: Lakeside Campus Virtual Tour

[Videofile]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnLNDllBpj0

In the author

position, use the

name of the

producer and /or

director and the

year of its release

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SOCIAL NETWORKING (FACEBOOK /TWITTER)

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of the entry. [Facebook update] Retrieved

from URL

As found in this

article (Taylor’s

Library, 2013) …

Taylor’s Library (2013, November 21). Taylor’s Graduate Capabilities & Blended Learning

Showcase 2013. [Facebook updates]. Retrieved from

https://www.facebook.com/TaylorsLibrary

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GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT

FORMAT

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

PRINTED

Name of Department/Agency. (Year of Publication). Title of document: Subtitle of

document. (Report No. if available). Place of publication: Department.

ELECTRONIC

Name of Department/Agency. (Year of Publication). Title of document: Subtitle of

document. (Report No. if available). Retrieved from URL

Spell out the full name of

the body each time it is

cited in-text, unless it is

long and has a

familiar/easily understood

abbreviation. In the latter

case, give the full name

with the abbreviation for

the first in text

citation. Use the

abbreviation for

subsequent references.

MOHE (2011)

identified…

PRINTED

Higher Education of Malaysia. (2011). Statistics of Higher Education of Malaysia.

Putrajaya : Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia.

ELECTRONIC

Economic Planning Unit. (2013, December 19). General circular No.5 for 2004:

Preparation of the Ninth Malaysia Plan. ( UPE(S)12-9/3). Retrieved from

http://www.epu.gov.my/en/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=acf69b78-14cf-

4893-8ec7-6da0ca6a2403&groupId=283545

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MANUSCRIPTS

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

UNPUBLISHED WITH A UNIVERSITY CITED

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript, University,

Location.

SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION OR IN PROGRESS

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of manuscript. Manuscript submitted for publication/

Manuscript in preparation.

(Blackwell and

Conrad, 2003)

Ting, Florsheim

and Huang,

(2008) point of

view …

UNPUBLISHED WITH A UNIVERSITY CITED

Blackwell, E., & Conrad, P. J. (2003). A five-dimensional measure of drinking motives.

Unpublished manuscripts, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION OR IN PROGRESS

Ting, J. Y., Florsheim, P., & Huang, W. (2008). Mental health

help seeking in ethnic minority populations: A theoretical

perspective. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Unpublished work

includes work that

is in progress, has

been submitted

for publication or

has been

completed but

not submitted for

publication

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EMAIL MESSAGES/ PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

FORMAT

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

K. Bennett

(personal

communication,

June 2013)

commented on …

… this comment (

L. M. Robertson,

personal

communication,

September 28,

2013)

Personal communication can be personal interviews, letters, memos, emails, non-archived

messages from discussion groups and bulletin boards, telephone conversations etc. Because

they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the

reference list and are cited in the text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the

communicator and provide an exact a date as possible.

NEVER cite

addresses without

permission of the

owner of the

address.

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TELEVISION PROGRAMMES

FORMAT

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

TELEVISION SERIES/BROADCAST

Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of broadcast or copyright). Title of

broadcast [Television broadcast or Television series]. In P. Producer (Producer). City,

state of origin: Studio or distributor.

SINGLE EPISODE IN A TELEVISION SERIES

Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of episode

[Television series episode]. In P. Producer (Producer), Series title. City, state of origin:

Studio or distributor.

Important (1990)

mentioned that …

TELEVISION SERIES/BROADCAST

Important, I. M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The nightly news hour [Television broadcast].

New York, NY: Central Broadcasting Service.

Bellisario, D. L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting action show [Television series]. Hollywood, CA:

American Broadcasting Company.

SINGLE EPISODE IN A TELEVISION SERIES

Wendy, S. W. (Writer), & Martian, I. R. (Director). (1986). The rising angel and the falling ape [Television

series episode]. In D. Dude Producer), Creatures and monsters. Los Angeles, CA: Belarus Studios.

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PATENTS / STANDARDS

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

PATENT

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Patent Number. Place of Publication: Publisher.

STANDARD

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Standard title. (Standard Number).Place of Publication:

Publisher.

U.S. Patent No.

123,445 (1988)

(Standards

Australia, 2008)

(Standards

Australia, 1994)

(Standards

Australia, 2008)

PRINT PATENT

Smith, I. M. (1988). U.S. Patent No. 123,445. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark

Office.

ELECTRONIC – PATENT

Clark, J. M. & McCallum, J. M. (2008). Method for and composition of excipient suitable for

use in herbal formulations and formulations derived therefrom. Australian Patent AU

2008100919. Retrieved from SciFinder Scholar.

PRINT STANDARD

Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing - text and office systems - office document

architecture (ODA) and interchange format: part 10: formal specifications (AS

3951.10:1994). Homebush, NSW: Author.

ELECTRONIC STANDARD

Standards Australia. (2008). Personal flotation devices - General requirements (AS 4758.1-

2008). Retrieved from Australian Standards Online.

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A LECTURE NOTES / SPEECH

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

FORMAT

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Lecture title [Format of notes]. Program or Department,

Name of University, City, State Abbreviation/Country.

Smith (2012)

mentioned that…

Johannesson

(2008) reported

that …

PRINT- LECTURE NOTES / HANDOUTS

Smith, P.R. (2012). Robot boss battles [Class handout]. Instrumentation Engineering

Technology, NAIT, Edmonton, Canada.

ELECTRONIC- LECTURE NOTES

Johannesson, C. (2008). The mole [PowerPoint slides].

Retrieved from Communication Arts High School web site:

http://www.nisd.net/

communicationsarts/pages/chem/ppt/molarconv_pres.ppt

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WORK OF ARTS (SCULPTURE/ MODELS. ETC)

IN-TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARK

BOOK

ILLUSTRATIONS,

DIAGRAMS,

LOGOS OR

TABLES

FORMATS

Author (Year) Title of book. Place of Publication: Publisher, page numbers, medium type

(illus./fig./logo/table)

EXAMPLE

CARTOONS

PRINTED

Artist (Year) ‘Title of catoon’ [Cartoon]. Title of Publication, DD Month.

ONLINE

Artist (Year) ‘Title of catoon’ [Cartoon]. Title of Publication, DD Month [Online]. Available at:

URL (Accessed: DD Month YYYY).

PAINTINGS/

DRAWINGS

From a painting

by Streeton

(1889) …

FORMATS

Artist (Year) Title of the work [Medium]. Institution/Collection name, City.

EXAMPLE

Streeton, A. (1889). Golden summer, Eaglemont [Paintings]. National Gallery of Australia,

Canberra, Australia.

SCULPTURE

FORMATS

Sculptor (Year) Title of the work [Sculpture]. Collection name.

EXAMPLE

Rodin, A. (1896) Balzac [Bronze sculpture]. National Gallery of Victoria.

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INSTALLATION

FORMAT

Artist (Year) Title of installation [Installation]. Location, Date seen

… (Streeton,

1889)

… (Rose, 1994)

… (Rodin, 1896)

PAINTINGS

Streeton, A. (1889). Golden summer, Eaglemont [Paintings]. Canberra, Australia: National

Gallery of Australia.

PRINTS – ONLINE

Rose, D. (1994). On the road to Oberon [Stencil screenprint]. Retrieved from

http://cs.nga.gov.au/Detail-LRG.cfm?IRN=130305

SCULPTURES

Rodin, A. (1896). Balzac [Bronze sculpture]. Melbourne, Australia: National Gallery of

Victoria.

The artists

assign the

titles, they are

italicized

Healy, G. P. A. (1987). Abraham Lincoln [Oil on canvas]. Washington DC, USA: National

Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC.

The artists did

not assign the

titles, other

people have

assigned to the

work,

therefore the

title is not

italicized

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SECONDARY CITATION

FORMAT

IN- TEXT

CITATION

REFERENCE LIST

REMARKS

...O'Reilly, as

cited in Byrne

(2008) argues

that...

(O'Reilly as cited

in Byrne 2008)

Author’s Surname, Initials. (Year). Document title. Name of Journal,Volume (Issue), Page

number.

Byrne, A. (2008). Web 2.0 strategies in libraries and information services. The Australian Library

Journal, 57 (4), 365-376.

To cite a work

discussed in a

secondary source,

give the secondary

source in the

reference list.

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REFERENCES

APA Citation Style Guide, 6th ed.. (n.d.). APA Citation Style Guide, 6th ed. Retrieved from http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/apa.php

APA Reference Style - 6th edition 2010. (n.d.). APA Reference Style - 6th edition 2010. Retrieved from

http://library.nmu.edu/guides/userguides/styleapa.htm

Dixie State University Library (2014). Citation Guide: How to cite Encyclopedias. Retrieved from http://libguides.dixie.edu/c.php?g=57887&p=371718

Dixie State University Library (2014). Citation Guide: How to cite Magazines. Retrieved from http://libguides.dixie.edu/c.php?g=57887&p=371714

Eastern Institute of Technology (2012). Library and Learning Services: APA referencing style 6

edition. Retrieved from

http://www2.eit.ac.nz/library/OnlineGuides/2012%20APA%20Referencing%206th%20Edition.pdf

Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library (2014). APA Citation Style, 6

edition:Electronic Image. Retrieved from

http://libguides.gwumc.edu/c.php?g=27779&p=170351

Murdoch University (2014). APA Style: A guide to APA referencing style for Murdoch University students and staff. Retrieved from

http://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/content.php?pid=63242&sid=683276

Muhlenberg College (2014). Trexler Library Muhlenberg College: APA Style. Retrieved from

http://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/content.php?pid=63242&sid=683276

Schwartz, B. M., Landrum, R. E., & Gurung, R. A. (2012). An easyguide to APA style. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications.

Southern Cross University (2014). SCU Library’s guide to the APA referencingstyle. Retrieved from

http://libguides.scu.edu.au/content.php?pid=161580&sid=1594180

Taylor’s Libraries

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Sullivan University System Libraries &nLearningResource Centers (2014). APA Style at Sullivan University: A guide to the use of the American

Psychological ssociation Manual of Style at Sullivan University. Retrieved from

http://libguides.sullivan.edu/content.php?pid=289203&sid=2635416

The University of Newcastle Australia (2014). Quick Guide to the APA 6th Edition Referencing Style. Retrieved from

http://libguides.newcastle.edu.au/content.php?pid=51927&sid=3368567

The Northern Alberta Institute of Technology Library (2014). APA Style Guidelines & Examples (6th edition). Retrieved from

http://www.nait.ca/libresources/Citations/APA_Examples.pdf

Unitec Institute of Technology (2014). A guide to APA referring (6

edition). Retrieved from

http://libguides.unitec.ac.nz/content.php?pid=58156&sid=3092651

University of Washington Bothell (2014). Citing and Assessing Business Sources. Retrieved from

http://libguides.uwb.edu/content.php?pid=87677&sid=767102

Wayne State College U.S. Conn Library (2010). APA Citation Style Examples: 6

Edition 2010. Retrieved from

http://academic.wsc.edu/conn_library/research/citation/APAExamples6.pdf

Welcome to the Purdue OWL. (2014). Purdue OWL: APA Formatting and Style Guide. Retrieved from

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/11/

Welcome to the Purdue OWL. (2014). APA Formatting and Style Guide, Reference List: Other Print Sources. Retrieved from

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/09/

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Examples used:

O’Dell, F. and Black, M. (2015) Advanced trainer: siz practice test with answers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lee, S.T. and Lien, N.H. (2015) ‘The influence of adult family members on children’s fast food consumption: a health belief perspective. Journal of Communication in

Healthcare, 8(3), pp. 185-196, EBSCOhost [Online]. DOI: 10.1179/1753807615Y.0000000017 (Accessed: 22 April 2016).

Urry, J. (2013) Societies beyond oil: oil dregs and social futures. New York: Zed Books Ltd.

Erbe, C., Reichmuth, C., Cunningham, K., Lucke, K. and Dooling, R. (2016) ‘Communication masking in marine mammals: a review and research strategy’, Marine

Pollution Bulletin, 103(1-2), pp. 15-38, ScienceDirect [Online]. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.007 (Accessed: 22 April 2016).

Center for Chemical Process Safety (2007) Guidelines for risk based process safety. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience.