The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
Updated July 2018
1
Category
MLA
APA
CMOS
General Approach
The Modern Language Association
(MLA) provides a method for source
documentation that is used in most
humanities courses. The humanities
place emphasis on authorship, so most
MLA citation involves recording the
author’s name in the physical text. The
author’s name is also the first to
appear in the “Works Cited” page at
the end of an essay. The most recent
MLA formatting can be found in the
eighth edition of the MLA manual.
Note that the MLA 8
th
ed. extensively
references the notion of a “container”
in its instructions for formatting
citations. In this context, a container is
the larger work that contains the
specific source (e.g., if a chapter is
being cited, the book is its container).
The container is normally italicized and
followed by a comma.
The American Psychological Association
(APA) provides a method for source
documentation that is used in most
social sciences courses. The social
sciences place emphasis on the date a
work was created, so most APA citation
involves recording the date of a
particular work in the physical text. The
date is usually placed immediately after
the author’s name in the “References”
page at the end of an essay. The most
recent APA formatting can be found in
the sixth edition of the APA manual.
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) includes
two systems for citation: a notes and
bibliography (NB) system and an author-date
(AD) system. This poster displays citations in
the NB system, which is used in most history
courses. The primary difference between the
two systems’ citations is that in AD, the
publication year follows the author’s name.
History places great emphasis on source
origins, so footnotes and endnotes are used
to demonstrate on-page where a particular
piece of information comes from. In the NB
system, a number is assigned to a particular
fact in the text, and the correlating footnote
or endnote will link the source to the text and
to the bibliography. The most recent CMOS
formatting can be found in the seventeenth
edition of the CMOS manual.
Reference Lists
Occasionally truncated entries are given simply to focus on the differences between citations for each type of material. Ellipses
indicate which entries would normally continue according to the basic principles of each style. Please see the OWL’s Research and
Citation section for more details.
Citing Books
Book citations in MLA generally require
the author name, work title, publisher,
and year published. Provide a
publication city if the book was
published before 1900 or there are two
versions of a book (i.e. British and US
edition).
Book citations in APA generally require
author name, publication year, work
title, publication city, and publisher.
Book citations in CMOS style generally require
the author name, work title, publication city,
publisher, and publication year.
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
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General book
format
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s
Dilemma: A Natural History of Four
Meals. Penguin, 2006.
Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore’s
dilemma: A natural history of four
meals. New York, NY: Penguin Group.
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A
Natural History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin, 2006.
Single author
Pollan, Michael. . . .
Pollan, M. (2006). . . .
Pollan, Michael. . . .
Two authors
Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn. . . .
Use the ampersand (&) instead of
“and.”
Bell, J. K., & Cohn A. (1968). . . .
Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn. . . .
Three to …
authors.
Include the first author’s name,
followed by et al.
Kernis, Michael, et al.
For 3 to 7 authors, include every
author. List by last names and initials.
Commas separate author names. An
ampersand should come before the
last author’s name.
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R.,
Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S.
(1993). There's more to self-esteem
than whether it is high or low: The
importance of stability of self-
esteem. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
For 3 to 10 authors, include all names in
bibliography, but only the first author’s
name in notes, followed by et al with no
comma before et al.
Kernis, Michael, David Cornell, C Sun, Adam
Berry, Thomas Harlow, and Janeen Bach. . .
.
Many authors
Format as per “three to … authors”
(above).
If there are more than seven authors,
after the sixth author's name, use an
ellipses in place of the remaining
names. Then provide the final author
name.
Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L.,
Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S.
T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009)....
For more than 10 authors, list the first seven
names in the bibliography followed by et
al. Otherwise, format notes as per 3-10
authors (above).
Corporate/
Organization
author
American Psychiatric Association... .
American Psychiatric Association.
(2005). . . .
American Psychiatric Association. . . .
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(If the organization is also the
publisher, only list the organization as
the publisher.)
Unknown
author
Start with the title.
Oxford Essential World Atlas…
Start with the title.
Oxford essential world atlas. (2001). . . .
Start with the title.
Oxford Essential World Atlas. . . .
Two or more
works by the
same author
Use the author’s name in the first
entry. Use three hyphens followed by
a period (in place of the name) for
subsequent entries. Order entries
alphabetically by title.
Borroff, Marie. Language and the Poet:
Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and
Moore. U of Chicago P, 1979.
———.“Sound Symbolism as Drama in
the Poetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA,
vol. 107, no. 1, 1992, pp. 131-44.
JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/462806
Include the author’s name for each
entry. Order according to year (earliest
first).
Borroff, M. (1979). . . .
Borroff, M. (1992). . . .
Use the author’s name in the first entry. Use
three hyphens followed by a period (in place
of the name) for subsequent entries. Order
entries alphabetically by title.
Borroff, Marie. Language and the Poet: Verbal
Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
———. “Sound Symbolism as Drama in the
Poetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA 107, no. 1,
(1992): 131-44, accessed 5 May 2018,
www.jstor.org/stable/462806.
Two or more
works by the
same author,
same year.
Change noted by title. See entry
above.
Include the author’s name for each
entry. Order according to year. Within
a single year, order alphabetically by
title. Give repeated years a lowercase
letter suffix.
Slechty, P. C. (1997a). . . .
Slechty, P. C. (1997b). . . .
Change noted by title. See entry above.
Author with
an editor
Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History.
Edited by Kathleen A. Hauke, U of
Georgia Press, 2000.
Poston, T. (2000). A First draft of history.
K. A. Hauke (Ed.). Athens: University of
Georgia Press.
Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History, edited by
Kathleen A. Hauke. Athens: University of
Georgia Press, 2000.
Author with a
translator
Laplace, Pierre-Simon. A Philosophical
Essay on Probabilities. Translated by
F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory. John
Wiley & Sons, 1902.
Laplace, P. S. (1902). A philosophical
essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott
& F. L. Emory, Trans.). London: John
Wiley & Sons.
Laplace, P. S. A Philosophical Essay on
Probabilities. Translated by F. W. Truscott
and F. L. Emory. London: John Wiley and
Sons, 1902.
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
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Editor with no
author
Duncan, Greg J., and Jeanne Brooks-
Gunn, editors. Consequences of
Growing up Poor. Russell Sage
Foundation, 1997.
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).
(1997). Consequences of growing up
poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage
Foundation.
Duncan, G. J. and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds.
Consequences of Growing Up. New York:
Russell Sage Foundation, 1997.
Work in an
anthology
Harris, Muriel. “Talk to Me: Engaging
Reluctant Writers.” A Tutor's Guide:
Helping Writers, edited by Ben
Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24–34.
Harris, M. (2000). Talk to me:
Engaging reluctant writers. In Ben
Rafoth (Ed.), A tutor’s guide: Helping
writers one to one (pp. 24–34).
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging
Reluctant Writers." In A Tutor's Guide:
Helping Writers One to One, edited by Ben
Rafoth, 24–34. Portsmouth, NH:
Heinemann, 2000.
Edition other
than first
Helfer, M. E., et al. The Battered Child.
5th ed., U of Chicago P, 1997.
Helfer, M. E., Kempe, R. S., & Krugman,
R. D. (1997). The battered child (5th
ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
Helfer, M.E., R.S. Kempe, and R.D. Krugman.
The Battered Child. 5th ed. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Multivolume
work
In a multivolume set, list the volume
that you consulted and its
corresponding publication year.
Wiener, Philip P., editor. Dictionary of
the History of Ideas. Vol. 1, Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 1968.
Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of
the history of ideas (Vols. 1–4). New
York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Weiner, Philip, ed. Dictionary of the History of
Ideas. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 1968–73.
Encyclopedia/
Dictionary
Posner, Rebecca. “Romance
Languages.” The Encyclopedia
Britannica: Macropedia, 15
th
ed.,
1987.
Posner, R. (1987). Romance languages.
In The Encyclopedia Britannica:
Macropedia (15th ed.). Chicago, IL:
William Benton.
Well-known encyclopedias cited in notes
only.
1. The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia,
15th ed. (1987), s.v. “Romance
Languages.” (Chicago: William Benton),
175.
Foreword,
introduction,
preface, or
afterword
Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction.
Permanence and Change: An
Anatomy of Purpose, by Kenneth
Burke, U of California P, 1984, pp. xiii-
xliv.
Duncan, H. D. (1984). Introduction. In
K. Burke (Ed.), Permanence and
change: An anatomy of purpose
(pp. xiii–xliv). Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press.
Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction to
Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of
Purpose, xiii–xliv. By Kenneth Burke, xiii-
xliv. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1984.
Articles in Periodicals
Although periodicals are cited similarly
to most book sources, MLA’s eighth
In APA periodical citation, authors are
named by their last name followed by
CMOS periodical citations include author
name, article title, publication title,
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
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edition makes some distinctions
specific to periodicals.
initials; the publication year goes
between parentheses and is followed by
a period. Only the first word and proper
nouns are capitalized for article titles.
Periodical titles are written in title case
and followed by the volume number,
which, with the title, is also italicized.
publication date, and issue information.
CMOS also requires citation of a URL if the
journal was accessed online.
Magazine
Poniewozik, James. “Election 2000: TV
Makes a Too-Close Call.” Time, 20
Nov. 2000, pp. 70-71.
Poniewozik, J. (2000, November 20).
Election 2000: TV makes a too-close
call. Time, 156(21), 70–71.
Poniewozik, James. "Election 2000: TV Makes
a Too-Close Call." Time, November 20,
2000.
Scholarly
Journal
(paginated by
issue)
Bagchi, Alaknanda. “Conflicting
Nationalisms: The Voice of the
Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s
Bashai Tudu.” Tulsa Studies in
Women’s Literature, vol. 15, no 1,
Spring 1996, pp. 41-50.
Bagchi, A. (1996). Conflicting
nationalisms: The voice of the
subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai
Tudu. Tulsa Studies in Women’s
Literature, 15(1), 41–50.
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms:
The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta
Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in
Women’s Literature 15, no. 1 (Spring
1996): 41–50.
Daily
newspaper
Krugman, Paul. "Fear of Eating." New
York Times, 21 May 2007, late ed., p.
A1.
Krugman, P. (2007, May 21). Fear of
eating. New York Times, p. A1.
Krugman, Paul. "Fear of Eating." New York
Times (New York, NY), May 21, 2007.
Editorial in
newspaper
without
author
"Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall
Street Journal, 24 Oct. 2003, p. A14.
Editorial: Of mines and men [Editorial].
(2003, Oct 24). The Wall Street
Journal, p. A14.
Cited in notes only, without headline.
1. “Of Mines and Men,” editorial, Wall
Street Journal, October 24, 2003.
Letter to the
editor
Hamer, John. Letter. American
Journalism Review, Dec. 2006/Jan.
2007, p. 7.
Hamer, J. [Letter to the editor].
(2006/2007, December/January).
American Journalism Review, p. 7.
Cited in notes only, without headline.
1. John Hamer, letter to the editor,
American Journalism Review (College Park,
MD), December 2006/January 2007.
Book or film
review
Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling
Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It
Living." Review of Radiant City,
directed by Gary Burns and Jim
Brown, New York Times, 30 May
2007, p. E1.
Seitz, M. Z. (2007, May 30). Life in the
sprawling suburbs, if you can really call
it living [Review of the film Radiant
City, directed by Gary Burns and Jim
Brown, 2006]. New York Times, late
ed., p. E1.
Sietz, Matt Zoller. Review of Radiant City,
directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown.
New York Times, May 30, 2007, Late
edition.
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
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Online Sources
For most online sources, the MLA asks
for author/editor, title, website title,
publisher/organization, publication
date, volume/issue number, page
numbers, and URL. However, the URL
should omit http:// or https://.
Whenever possible, use a permalink or
DOI (digital object identifier) instead of
a URL. A date of access can also be
helpful, especially if the source does
not have a publication date.
In APA citation, online sources often
include DOIs (digital object identifiers).
If a DOI is available, it is used in place of
a URL. The DOI is frequently found on
the first page of an online source. APA
generally cites author, date, page title,
site title, available page numbers, and a
URL or DOI.
CMOS citation requires the URL or DOI to be
listed at the end of the citation. The date of
access should also be included if there is no
publication or modification date. Citations for
websites should be included in the notes, and
only included in the bibliography if there are
no notes.
Titles of websites are usually set in roman
(i.e., no formatting). However, titles of blogs,
books, journals, shows, movies, and similar
sources should be italicized.
General
format
Author/Editor. Name of Site. Version
number, Name of
publisher/organizer, date of
publication (if available),
URL/DOI/permalink. Date of access (if
applicable).
Author. (Year [use n.d. if not given]).
Article or page title. Larger Publication
Title, volume number(issue number).
Retrieved from http://url address
Author (and/or owner, sponsor).
“Document/Webpage Title.” Title of Website.
Updated or Accessed Date. URL.
For Notes:
1. “Title of Document/Webpage,” Title of
website, Author/Owner, last modified date or
accessed date, URL.
Entire
Website
The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The
Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue U, 2008,
owl.english.purdue.edu/owl.
Accessed 16 July 2018.
The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue U. (2008). The Purdue OWL
Family of Sites. Retrieved July 16,
2018, from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/
The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue U. The Purdue OWL Family of Sites.
Accessed 16 July 2018.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/
Page from
Website
Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third
World Issue.” Nativeweb,
www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/
shiva.html. Accessed 14 July 2018.
Shiva, V. (2006, February). Bioethics: A
third world issue. Nativeweb.
Retrieved from
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/leg
al/shiva.html
Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World
Issue.” Nativeweb. Accessed July 14, 2018.
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontlin
e/shows/cool/giants/.
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
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Page from
Website with
unknown
author
“Media Giants.” Frontline: The
Merchants of Cool, PBS,
www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/
shows/cool/giants. Accessed July 14,
2018.
Media giants. (2001). PBS. Retrieved
from
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fron
tline/shows/cool/giants/
“Media Giants.” PBS online. Accessed July 14,
2018.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline
/shows/cool/giants.
Image from a
Website
Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles
IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado,
Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado,
www.museodelprado.es/en/the-
collection/art-work/the-family-of-
carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-
71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May
2006.
Goya, F. (1800). The family of Charles IV.
Museo National del Prado. Retrieved
from
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd
/goya/hd_goya.htm
Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV,
1800. Painting. Museo Nacional del Prado,
Madrid.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goy
a/hd_goya.htm.
Online book
Delabastita, Dirk, and Lieven D’hulst.
European Shakespeares: Translating
Shakespeare in the Romantic Age.
John Benjamins Publishing Company,
1990, Proquest E-book,
ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/purdu
e/detail.action?docID=842928.
Delabastita, D., & L. D’hulst. (1990).
European Shakespeares. Translating
Shakespeare in the Romantic Age.
Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/
purdue/detail.action?docID=842928
Delabastita, Dirk, and Lieven D’hulst.
European Shakespeares: Translating
Shakespeare in the Romantic Age.
Amsterdamn: John Benjamins Publishing
Company, 1990.
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/purd
ue/detail.action?docID=842928.
Portion of an
online book
Adams, H. “Diplomacy.” The Education
of Henry Adams, Houghton Mifflin
Co., 1918. Bartleby,
www.bartleby.com/159/8.html.
Adams, H. (1918). “Diplomacy.” In The
education of Henry Adams. Retrieved
from
http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html
Adams, Henry. “Diplomacy.” The Education of
Henry Adams. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Co., 1918.
http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html.
Article in an
online journal
Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of
the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of
Higher Education, vol. 30, no.3, 1959
pp. 140-45, JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.
Accessed 14 July 2018.
Bent, H. (1959). Professionalization of
the Ph.D. degree. The Journal of Higher
Education, 30(3), 140–145.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.
Bent, Henry E. “Professionalization of the
Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of Higher
Education 30, no. 3 (1959): 140–45.
Accessed July 14, 2018.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
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Article in an
online
magazine/
newspaper
Bernstein, Mark. “10 Tips on Writing
the Living Web.” A List Apart, 16 Aug.
2002,
alistapart.com/article/writeliving.
Accessed 4 May 2009.
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing
the living web. A List Apart: For People
Who Make Websites. Retrieved from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/wr
iteliving
Bernstein, M. “10 Tips on Writing the Living
Web.” A List Apart, August 16, 2002.
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv
ing.
Entire blog
Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout.
Washington Post,
blog.washingtonpost.com/thechecko
ut. Accessed 19 Jan. 2007.
Mayer, C. (2007, January 10). The
checkout. [Weblog]. Retrieved from
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thec
heckout/
Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout (blog).
Washington Post.
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheck
out/.
Single Blog
Entry
Mayer, Caroline. “Stamps to Become a
Marketing Vehicle.” The Checkout, 24
May 2006, Washington Post,
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR2
006052301593.html?noredirect=on.
Accessed 19 July 2018.
Mayer, C. (2006, May 24). Stamps to
become marketing vehicle. [Web log
post]. The checkout. Retrieved from
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR20
06052301593.html
Mayer, Caroline. “Stamps to Become a
Marketing Vehicle.” The Checkout (blog).
Washington Post, May 24, 2006.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR200605
2301593.html
Comment or
response on a
blog post
Jay Dean. Comment on “When the Self
Emerges: Is That Me in the Mirror?.”
Psyblog, 7 May 2008, 4:00 p.m.,
http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttran
sport.
J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self
emerges: Is that me in the mirror?
[web log comment]. Retrieved from
http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttrans
port
Cited in notes only.
1. Jay Dean, May 7, 2008 (4:00 p.m.),
comment on “When the Self Emerges: Is
That Me in the Mirror?,”
http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport.
E-mail
Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist
Literature." Received by John Watts,
15 Nov. 2000.
Not included in references.
Cited in notes only.
1. Andrew Kunka, e-mail message to John
Watts, November 15, 2000.
Multimedia Sources
MLA Format for multimedia sources
considers if the entry is highlighting the
contribution of a particular person,
such as performer, director, or creator.
MLA also considers if a film or
television show was watched online.
Use the following format for all
sources: Author. Title. Title of
container (self-contained if book),
Electronic sources in APA format may
include a digital object identifier (DOI)
number. When a DOI is evident, it may
be used in place of a URL address. An
online source should include either a
DOI or a URL.
When citing media sources in CMOS format,
include as much information as is available
regarding author, producer, sponsor,
publication, medium, dates, site title, and any
available URL. An access date is not always
needed in CMOS formatting.
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Other contributors (translators or
editors), Version (edition), Number
(vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication
Date, Location. Date of Access (if
applicable).
Video or film
An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by
David Guggenheim. Paramount Home
Entertainment, 2006.
Or, if focus is on a contributor:
Guggenheim, David, director. An
Inconvenient Truth. Paramount Home
Entertainment, 2006.
Kokin, K. (Producer), & Singer, B.
(Director). (1995). The Usual Suspects
[Motion Picture]. USA: Polygram.
Guggenheim, David, dir. An Inconvenient
Truth. United States: Paramount Home
Entertainment, 2006. DVD, 94 min.
Podcast/
YouTube
UW Tacoma Multimedia
Lab.“Videography Tips and Tricks to
Produce a Documentary Profile
Piece.” YouTube, Uploaded by UW
Tacoma Multimedia Lab, 30 Sept.
2015,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=j_fiNRFcbwY.
UW Tacoma Multimedia Lab. (2015,
September 30). Videography tips and
tricks to produce a documentary
profile piece. [YouTube video]. UW
Tacoma. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=j_fiNRFcbwY
UW Tacoma Multimedia Lab. “Videography
Tips and Tricks to Produce a Documentary
Profile Piece.” September 30, 2015.
YouTube video, 3:58.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_fiN
RFcbwY.
Television
Shows
(Recorded
Episodes,
Broadcast
TV or Radio
Program ,
Netflix/Hulu/
Google Play,
and Entire
Series)
"The One Where Chandler Can't
Cry." Friends: The Complete Sixth
Season, written by Andrew Reich
and Ted Cohen, directed by Kevin
Bright, Warner Brothers, 2004.
Bright, K. (Director). (2004). "The one
where Chandler can't cry." Friends:
The complete sixth season [Television
series]. Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers.
Bright, Kevin. "The One Where Chandler Can't
Cry." Friends: The Complete Sixth Season.
2004; Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers, 2004.
DVD.
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
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Song or
Album
(Spotify,
Online Album,
CD)
Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen
Spirit." Nevermind, Geffen, 1991.
Cobain, K. (1991). Smells like teen spirit
[Recorded by Nirvana]. On Nevermind.
Santa Monica, CA: DGC Records.
Lecture/
Public address
Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in the
Digital Era.” Discovering Digital
Dimensions, Computers and Writing
Conference, 23 May 2003, Union Club
Hotel, West Lafayette, IN. Keynote
Address.
Stein, B. (2003, May 23). Keynote
Address on reading and writing in the
digital era. Discovering Digital
Dimensions, Computers and Writing
Conference, Union Club Hotel, West
Lafayette, IN.
Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in the Digital
Era.” Keynote Address at Discovering
Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing
Conference, West Lafayette, IN, May 23,
2003.
Other Sources
The Purdue
OWL
Clements, Jessica, et al. "General
Format." Purdue Online Writing Lab,
Purdue University, 7 April 2010,
owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource
/747/01/. Accessed 20 Dec. 2010.
Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E.,
Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund,
L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General
format. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/re
source/560/01/
Clements, Jessica, Elizabeth Angeli, Karen
Schiller, S. C. Gooch, Laurie Pinkert, Allen
Brizee, and Vanessa Iacocca. “General
Format.” Purdue Online Writing Lab. Last
edited February 16, 2018.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resour
ce/717/01/.
Dissertation
If dissertation is published, italicize
the title and include publication date
and UMI (University Microfilms
International) order number. If not
published, put the title in quotation
marks and end with the degree date.
Choi, Mihwa. Contesting Imaginaries in
Death Rituals during the Northern
Song Dynasty. Dissertation,
University of Chicago, 2008.
ProQuest, 3300426, 2008.
Mihwa, C. (2008). Contesting
imaginaries in death rituals during the
northern song dynasty (Doctoral
dissertation). Retrieved from Purdue e-
Pubs (3300426).
Mihwa, Choi. "Contesting Imaginaries in
Death Rituals During the Northern Song
Dynasty." Dissertation, Purdue University,
2008.
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
Updated July 2018
11
In-Text Citations
Citing Books
Like most source documentation
systems, MLA uses in-text citations to
give readers information and directs
readers to the more specific Works
Cited page should a reader want to
pursue a source further. Generally,
MLA in-text citation requires an author
name and a page number where the
information being cited can be found.
APA adds to MLA style by including
page number(s) and date. The date is
generally provided parenthetically next
to author(s’) names, while page
numbers always appear parenthetically
at the ends of sentences. The date is
important in social science because it
helps demonstrate the relevance
(newness) of the work being cited.
Footnotes or endnotes are used when citing
within the text of a CMOS formatted
document. Often a final bibliography is also
included at the end of a text. Footnotes in
CMOS style generally include the author
name, the publication title, publication date,
publisher information with the very first
citation, and a page number.
Author
named in a
signal phrase
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to
this phenomenon as a “cumulative
collaboration of evidence” (49).
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper (1961)
refers to this phenomenon as a
“cumulative collaboration of evidence”
(p. 49).
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this
phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration
of evidence.”
12
Match number 12 to endnote 12 at the
bottom of the page or in notes section
12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses
(Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1961), 49.
Author not
named in a
signal phrase
This phenomenon is best referred to as
a “cumulative collaboration of
evidence” (Pepper 49).
This phenomenon is best referred to as
a “cumulative collaboration of
evidence” (Pepper, 1961, p. 49).
This phenomenon is best referred to as a
“cumulative collaboration of evidence.”
12
12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses
(Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1961), 49.
Unknown
author
This phenomenon is best referred to as
a “cumulative collaboration of
evidence” (World Hypotheses 49).
This phenomenon is best referred to as
a “cumulative collaboration of
evidence” (World Hypotheses, 1961, p.
49).
This phenomenon is best referred to as a
“cumulative collaboration of evidence.”
12
12. World Hypotheses (Los Angeles:
University of California Press, 1961), 49.
Unknown
page number
This phenomenon is best referred to as
a “cumulative collaboration of
evidence” (Pepper).
According to Pepper (1961), this
phenomenon is best referred to as a
“cumulative collaboration of evidence”
This phenomenon is best referred to as a
“cumulative collaboration of evidence.”
12
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
Updated July 2018
12
(Evidence and Corroboration section,
para. 22).
12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses
(Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1961).
More than
one work by
the same
author
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to
this phenomenon as a “cumulative
collaboration of evidence,” which he
hints toward in earlier work as well
(World Hypotheses 49 and
“Emergence” 241).
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers
to this phenomenon as a “cumulative
collaboration of evidence” (1961, p.
49), which he hints toward in earlier
work as well (1926, p. 241).
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this
phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration
of evidence,”
12
which he hints toward in
earlier work as well.
13
12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses
(Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1961), 49.
13. Stephen C. Pepper, “Emergence,” The
Journal of Philosophy 23, no. 9 (1926).
Two authors
Use “and” between authors’ names.
Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser note in
Going Public the importance of
redefining expectations for faculty work
(3).
Note: Use “and” between authors’
names in the text and an ampersand in
parentheses.
Rose and Weiser (2010) note the
importance of redefining expectations
for faculty work (p. 3).
Research has found the importance of
redefining expectations for faculty
work (Rose & Weiser, 2010, p. 3)
Use “and” between authors’ names.
Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser note in Going
Public the importance of redefining
expectations for faculty work.
6
6. Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser, Going
Public (Logan, UT: Utah State University Press,
2010), 3.
Many authors
In MLA, use the first author’s name
plus “et al.” for three or more authors.
Some studies that focus specifically on
undergraduate perspectives of
academic writing found a variety of
approaches (Anderson et al. 11).
For three to five authors, list every
author the first time you make the
reference. Use “and” before the final
author in the text and an ampersand
in parentheses.
In 1990, Anderson, Best, Black, Hurst,
Miller, and Miller produced a study that
focused specifically on undergraduate
perspectives of academic writing, and
they found a variety of approaches in
place (p. 11).
In Chicago, include each author’s name if
there are three authors. If there are four or
more, use the first author’s name plus “et
al.”
Some studies that focus specifically on
undergraduate perspectives of academic
writing found a variety of approaches.
2
2. Worth Anderson et al., “Cross-Curricular
Underlife: A Collaborative Report on Ways
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
Updated July 2018
13
Subsequent citations should use only
the first author’s name, followed by et
al.
In 1990, Anderson et al. produced a
study…
For six or more authors, use the first
author’s name and “et al.” even for
the first citation.
with Academic Words,” College Composition
and Communication 41, no. 1 (1990).
Corporate
author
The American Psychological
Association’s study demonstrated the
significant role of prayer as a coping
mechanism for health (67).
According to the American
Psychological Association (2000),...
This study demonstrated the significant role
of prayer as a coping mechanism for health.
9
9. American Psychological Association,
“National Trends in Prayer Use as a Coping
Mechanism for Health Concerns: Changes
from 2002 to 2007,” Psychology of Religion
and Spirituality (2000).
Authors with
the same last
name
Although some medical ethicists claim
that cloning will lead to designer
children (R. Miller 12), others note that
the advantages for medical research
outweigh this consideration (A. Miller
46).
…the effects of cloning for medical
research (R. Miller, 2001, p. 12; A.
Miller, 2009, p.19).
Does not apply; endnotes will differentiate.
Multivolume
work
If citing from more than one volume,
use the volume number followed by a
page number, e.g. (2:119).
Use the page number and date;
indicate the volume in the reference
section only.
10. Phillip P. Weiner, Dictionary of the
History of Ideas, 6 vols., (New York: Charles
Scribner and Sons, 2004).
Two or more
works in the
same
parentheses
Many 19th century American authors
noted the importance of religion in
conceiving nature (Emerson 1123;
Thoreau 1994).
Many 19th century American authors
noted the importance of religion in
conceiving nature (Emerson, 1836;
Thoreau, 1862).
Many 19th century American authors noted
the importance of religion in conceiving
nature.
22
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
Updated July 2018
14
22. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,”
11862; Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Nature,”
111836.
An entire
work
Thoreau’s “Walking” demonstrates a
fascination with sauntering.
Thoreau’s “Walking” (1862)
demonstrates a fascination with
sauntering.
Thoreau’s “Walking” demonstrates a
fascination with sauntering.
22
22. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking.,” 1862.
Work in an
anthology
Use the author’s name and page
number, not the editor.
The life of poverty in the south is
captured by Hurston’s candid
autobiography, “From Dust Tracks on a
Road” (336).
Cite the specific work only, not the
anthology or its editor.
The life of poverty in the south is
captured by Hurston’s candid
autobiography, “From Dust Tracks on a
Road” (1942).
The life of poverty in the south is captured by
Hurston’s candid autobiography, “From Dust
Tracks on a Road”.
19
19. Zora Neale Hurston, “From Dust Tracks
on a Road,.” Iin The Norton Book of American
Autobiography, edited by Jay Parini (New
York: Norton, 1999), 336.
Multimedia
Sources
Video or film
Cite as in-text document using the first
text element in the works cited entry.
If citing a scene or excerpt, include the
range of hours, minutes, and seconds
you plan to reference, like so
(00:02:15-00:02:35)
The role of Irish folklore is depicted in
contemporary films such as John
Sayles’s The Secret of Roan Inish.
Cite as in-text document using release
date. If citing a specific scene or
excerpt, include the range of hours,
minutes, and seconds you plan to
reference, like so: (00:02:15-00:02:35)
The role of Irish folklore is depicted in
contemporary films such as John
Sayles’s The Secret of Roan Inish (1993).
The role of Irish folklore is depicted in
contemporary films such as John Sayles’s, The
Secret of Roan Inish.
45
45. The Secret of Roan Inish, DVD, directed by
John Sayles (1993; Culver City, CA: Columbia
Tristar Home Video, 2000), DVD.
Podcast/
YouTube
Use video author/podcast name and
given title. Include the range of hours,
minutes, and seconds you plan to
reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35)
Use video/podcast author name, if
known, title, and posting date. Include
the range of hours, minutes, and
seconds you plan to reference, like so
(00:02:15-00:02:35)
Include in notes as a document from a
website.
31. David Kestenbaum, “A Big Bridge in the
Wrong Place,” in Planet Money Podcast,
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
Updated July 2018
15
The quirks of spending become obvious
when listening to productions such as
David Kesetenbaum’s podcast, “A Big
Bridge in the Wrong Place,” on Planet
Money.
The quirks of spending become obvious
when listening to productions such as
David Kesetenbaum’s podcast, “A Big
Bridge in the Wrong Place,” on Planet
Money (2011).
produced by National Public Radio,
http://www.npr.org/blogs/money.
Lecture/
Public address
The problem of violent death among
delinquent youths was carefully
documented by Teplin et al. in an
address delivered in 2005 at the
Annual Meeting of the American
Psychology-Law-Society.
The problem of violent death among
delinquent youths was carefully
documented by Teplin et al. in an
address delivered at the Annual
Meeting of the American Psychology-
Law-Society (2005).
If using an unpublished lecture or address,
cite in main text only. If a published lecture
or address, reference in text and notes
following this example:
41. Linda A. Teplin et al., “Early Violent
Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective
Longitudinal Study,” pPaper presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-
Law-Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005.
Other Sources
The Purdue OWL
Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee write in the
Online Writing Lab at Purdue
University, “Research-based writing in
American institutions, both educational
and corporate, is filled with rules that
writers, particularly beginners, aren't
aware of or don't know how to follow”
(“Avoiding Plagiarism”).
Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee (2011)
write in the Online Writing Lab at
Purdue University, “Research-based
writing in American institutions, both
educational and corporate, is filled with
rules that writers, particularly
beginners, aren't aware of or don't
know how to follow.”
Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee note,
“Research-based writing in American
institutions, both educational and corporate,
is filled with rules that writers, particularly
beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how
to follow.”
23
23. Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee, “Avoiding
Plagiarism,” The Purdue OWL, Online Writing
Lab, Purdue University, last edited October
10, 2014,
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/
589/01/.
Government
publication
According to the Pennsylvania
Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources, the Emerald Ash
Borer invasion in Pennsylvania has led
The Emerald Ash Borer invasion in
Pennsylvania has led to dozens of
county quarantines in recent years
(Pennsylvania DCNR, 2011).
According to the Pennsylvania Department of
Conservation and Natural Resources . . . etc.
27
The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart
Updated July 2018
16
to dozens of county quarantines in
recent years.
27. Pennsylvania Department of
Conservation and Natural Resources, "Bureau
of Forestry Publications: Coleoptera:
Buprestidae: Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire,"
(2011).